शैक्षिक मनोविज्ञान के सिद्धांत|Key Theories in Educational Psychology with CTET MCQs and Answers

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Key Theories in Educational Psychology with CTET MCQs and Answers शैक्षिक मनोविज्ञान के सिद्धांत और CTET के MCQs के उत्तर

Educational Psychology: Detailed Overview of Theories

Educational psychology focuses on understanding how individuals learn and develop. Key theories in educational psychology include:

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1. Behaviorism

Proponent: B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson
Key Concepts:
- Learning occurs through interaction with the environment.
- Focus on observable behaviors.
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
- Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning is influenced by reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment.

2. Constructivism

Proponent: Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky
Key Concepts:
- Learners actively construct their own understanding of concepts.
- Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
- Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism: Learning is a social process, emphasized through concepts like the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding.

3. Cognitivism

Proponent: Jerome Bruner, Robert Gagné
Key Concepts:
- Learning involves internal processing of information.
- Bruner: Discovery learning and spiral curriculum.
- Gagné: Hierarchical learning with nine instructional events.

4. Social Learning Theory

Proponent: Albert Bandura
Key Concepts:
- Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling.
- Highlights the importance of self-efficacy and vicarious learning.

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5. Humanism

Proponent: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
Key Concepts:
- Focus on personal growth and the individual’s needs.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

6. Multiple Intelligences Theory

Proponent: Howard Gardner
Key Concepts:
- Intelligence is not a single entity but consists of multiple types: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

7. Motivation Theories

Intrinsic Motivation: Driven by internal factors like curiosity and interest.
Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external rewards or punishments.

20 MCQs from Previous CTET Papers with Detailed Answers

MCQ 1

Question: According to Piaget, in which stage does a child develop the ability to think logically about concrete objects?
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete Operational
d) Formal Operational

Answer: c) Concrete Operational

Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years) is when children develop logical thinking about tangible and concrete objects.

MCQ 2

Question: Vygotsky’s concept of ‘scaffolding’ refers to:
a) Structured learning environment
b) Support provided by adults or peers to help the child learn
c) A child’s ability to solve problems independently
d) Group activities to enhance learning

Answer: b) Support provided by adults or peers to help the child learn

Scaffolding involves providing temporary support to a learner until they can perform tasks independently.

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MCQ 3

Question: What does the term “reinforcement” mean in behaviorist theories?
a) Punishing incorrect behavior
b) Rewarding or strengthening desired behavior
c) Teaching new concepts
d) Encouraging group participation

Answer: b) Rewarding or strengthening desired behavior

Reinforcement increases the likelihood of the desired behavior being repeated.

MCQ 4

Question: Who proposed the concept of “Multiple Intelligences”?
a) Lev Vygotsky
b) Jerome Bruner
c) Howard Gardner
d) Albert Bandura

Answer: c) Howard Gardner

Gardner introduced the theory of Multiple Intelligences to challenge the traditional IQ view of intelligence.

MCQ 5

Question: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs places which need at the base of the pyramid?
a) Safety
b) Physiological
c) Love/Belonging
d) Esteem

Answer: b) Physiological

Basic needs like food, water, and shelter are fundamental according to Maslow.

MCQ 6

Question: Which of the following best describes Bandura’s concept of “self-efficacy”?
a) Belief in one’s ability to achieve goals
b) Observational learning
c) Cognitive development stages
d) Need for self-actualization

Answer: a) Belief in one’s ability to achieve goals

Self-efficacy refers to confidence in one’s ability to execute tasks.

MCQ 7

Question: The term “schema” in Piaget’s theory refers to:
a) External environment
b) Mental framework for understanding concepts
c) Concrete operations
d) Formal operations

Answer: b) Mental framework for understanding concepts

A schema is a cognitive structure for organizing and interpreting information.

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MCQ 8

Question: In Operant Conditioning, removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior is called:
a) Positive reinforcement
b) Negative reinforcement
c) Punishment
d) Extinction

Answer: b) Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement involves removing negative stimuli to encourage behavior.

Sure! Here are the remaining MCQs with answers:

MCQ 9

Question: According to Skinner, which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
a) Giving a student extra homework for good performance
b) Giving a student a reward for correct answers
c) Ignoring a student’s behavior
d) Taking away a privilege for bad behavior

Answer: b) Giving a student a reward for correct answers

Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus (e.g., a reward for correct behavior).

MCQ 10

Question: Which of the following is the primary focus of cognitive development theory?
a) Observable behaviors
b) The impact of reinforcement on behavior
c) The mental processes involved in learning and understanding
d) Emotional development

Answer: c) The mental processes involved in learning and understanding

Cognitive development theory focuses on how children process information, solve problems, and develop intellectual abilities.

MCQ 11

Question: In the context of Vygotsky’s theory, the “Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)” refers to:
a) Tasks that can be completed without any help
b) Tasks that are too difficult for the child even with help
c) Tasks that a learner can perform with guidance from others
d) A learner’s emotional state during learning

Answer: c) Tasks that a learner can perform with guidance from others

The ZPD refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with support.

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MCQ 12

Question: Which of the following best describes “discovery learning” according to Jerome Bruner?
a) Teacher-directed learning
b) Learning through direct experience and exploration
c) A method of rote memorization
d) Learning through repetition and drills

Answer: b) Learning through direct experience and exploration

Discovery learning encourages students to actively engage in learning by exploring and experimenting, which leads to deeper understanding.

MCQ 13

Question: In Piaget’s theory, the process by which children adjust their existing schemas to accommodate new information is known as:
a) Assimilation
b) Accommodation
c) Scaffolding
d) Conditioning

Answer: b) Accommodation

Accommodation occurs when children modify their existing mental frameworks (schemas) to incorporate new information.

MCQ 14

Question: Which of the following is NOT an example of intrinsic motivation?
a) Reading because you enjoy the content
b) Learning a new language to impress others
c) Solving puzzles because you find it fun
d) Participating in a science competition for the personal satisfaction of winning

Answer: b) Learning a new language to impress others

Intrinsic motivation comes from within, driven by personal interest or enjoyment, not external rewards.

MCQ 15

Question: According to Maslow, which need must be fulfilled before a person can seek self-actualization?
a) Esteem needs
b) Safety needs
c) Social needs
d) Physiological needs

Answer: a) Esteem needs

According to Maslow’s hierarchy, individuals must meet physiological, safety, and social needs before they can pursue esteem and self-actualization.

MCQ 16

Question: Which of the following is a key feature of constructivist teaching methods?
a) Teacher-centered instruction
b) Active learning through hands-on experiences
c) Memorization of facts and formulas
d) Extensive use of textbooks and lectures

Answer: b) Active learning through hands-on experiences

Constructivist methods emphasize active engagement and experiential learning, allowing students to construct knowledge.

MCQ 17

Question: Bandura’s Social Learning Theory emphasizes which of the following?
a) The importance of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior
b) Learning through observation and modeling others’ behavior
c) The use of mnemonic devices to help memory
d) The stages of cognitive development

Answer: b) Learning through observation and modeling others’ behavior

Social learning theory highlights the role of observational learning, where individuals acquire new behaviors by watching others.

MCQ 18

Question: Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events, but not abstract concepts?
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete operational
d) Formal operational

Answer: c) Concrete operational

In the Concrete Operational stage, children can logically think about concrete events but struggle with abstract reasoning.

MCQ 19

Question: According to Bruner, a curriculum should be designed in a way that:
a) Introduces topics in a rigid, structured order
b) Encourages rote memorization of facts
c) Allows for learning at a child’s own pace
d) Revisits topics at increasing levels of complexity

Answer: d) Revisits topics at increasing levels of complexity

Bruner proposed the idea of a spiral curriculum, where topics are revisited at increasing levels of complexity over time.

MCQ 20

Question: In behaviorism, which of the following is a key concept?
a) Learning is a passive process
b) Behavior is shaped through reinforcement and punishment
c) Learners actively construct knowledge
d) Learning happens only through formal education

Answer: b) Behavior is shaped through reinforcement and punishment

In behaviorism, reinforcement and punishment are key factors in shaping behavior and learning.

These MCQs cover various key educational psychology theories and their application in learning environments. They represent a mix of questions from behaviorism, cognitive theory, social learning, and other perspectives that are essential for understanding educational psychology.

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